How to Use Subordinating Conjunctions in Indonesian Complex Sentences

Understanding Complex Sentences in Indonesian

In Indonesian, complex sentences are formed by combining an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses. These dependent clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions, which connect ideas and show relationships such as cause, time, condition, and contrast.

What Are Subordinating Conjunctions?

Subordinating conjunctions ("kata penghubung subordinatif" in Indonesian) are words that link a dependent clause to an independent clause, indicating the nature of the relationship between the two. They are essential for expressing complex ideas clearly.

Common Indonesian Subordinating Conjunctions and Their Meanings

• karena – because
• jika – if
• ketika – when
• meskipun – although
• sebelum – before
• setelah – after
• supaya – so that
• walaupun – even though
• seandainya – if (hypothetical)
• selama – as long as

Examples of Complex Sentences Using Subordinating Conjunctions

Here are some examples to illustrate how subordinating conjunctions are used in Indonesian complex sentences:

• Dia tidak datang ke pesta karena dia sakit. (He did not come to the party because he was sick.)
• Jika kamu belajar dengan rajin, kamu akan lulus ujian. (If you study diligently, you will pass the exam.)
• Saya akan pergi setelah saya menyelesaikan pekerjaan. (I will go after I finish the work.)
• Meskipun hujan deras, mereka tetap bermain sepak bola. (Although it rained heavily, they still played football.)

Position of Subordinating Conjunctions in Sentences

In Indonesian, subordinating conjunctions usually appear at the beginning of the dependent clause. The dependent clause can come before or after the independent clause without changing the meaning, although the emphasis might differ.

• Karena dia sakit, dia tidak datang ke pesta. (Because he was sick, he did not come to the party.)
• Dia tidak datang ke pesta karena dia sakit. (He did not come to the party because he was sick.)

Tips for Using Subordinating Conjunctions in Indonesian

• Memorize common subordinating conjunctions and their meanings.
• Practice forming sentences by combining independent and dependent clauses.
• Pay attention to the word order, especially the placement of the conjunction.
• Use context to choose the appropriate conjunction for the relationship you want to express.