Understanding Greek Syntax in Complex Sentences for English Speakers

What Are Complex Sentences in Greek?

Complex sentences in Greek consist of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. These clauses are connected by conjunctions or relative pronouns, allowing speakers to express detailed and nuanced ideas.

Main Clause vs. Subordinate Clause

The main clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, while the subordinate clause depends on the main clause to provide full meaning. Understanding this distinction is crucial for mastering Greek syntax.

Common Types of Subordinate Clauses

In Greek, subordinate clauses can be classified as:

• Relative clauses
• Conditional clauses
• Temporal clauses
• Purpose clauses
• Concessive clauses

Key Conjunctions Used in Greek Complex Sentences

Greek uses various conjunctions to link clauses. Some of the most common include:

• ότι (that)
• επειδή (because)
• αν (if)
• όταν (when)
• για να (in order to)

Examples of Conjunction Usage

For example:
Ξέρω ότι έρχεσαι. – I know that you are coming.
Θα πάω αν έχεις χρόνο. – I will go if you have time.

Word Order in Greek Complex Sentences

Greek syntax is flexible, but the typical word order in complex sentences places the subordinate clause after the main clause. However, the subordinate clause can also precede the main clause for emphasis or style.

Example:
Αν βρέξει, δεν θα πάμε. – If it rains, we will not go.
Δεν θα πάμε αν βρέξει. – We will not go if it rains.

Using Relative Pronouns in Greek

Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses and agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they refer to. Common relative pronouns include:

• που (who, which, that)
• ο οποίος, η οποία, το οποίο (who, which, that – formal)

Example of Relative Clause

Ο άντρας που μιλάει είναι δάσκαλος. – The man who is speaking is a teacher.

Tips for English Speakers Learning Greek Complex Sentences

English speakers should pay attention to:

• The use of conjunctions that may differ from English equivalents.
• The flexible word order in Greek, which can change emphasis.
• The agreement of relative pronouns with their antecedents.
• The use of the subjunctive mood in purpose and conditional clauses.