How to Use Infinitive Clauses with and without 'zu' in German

What are Infinitive Clauses in German?

Infinitive clauses in German are constructions that include an infinitive (the base form of a verb) either with the preposition 'zu' or without it. They are often used to express purpose, intention, or subsequent actions.

Infinitive Clauses with 'zu'

Infinitive clauses with 'zu' follow the structure: 'zu' + infinitive. This construction is usually used after certain verbs, adjectives, or nouns that express feelings, intentions, wishes, or abilities.

Verbs Requiring 'zu' Infinitive

Certain verbs in German are generally followed by infinitive clauses with 'zu'. These include verbs expressing planning, beginning, continuing, and pretending. Examples are 'vorhaben' (to plan), 'anfangen' (to start), and 'scheinen' (to seem).

Infinitive Clauses without 'zu'

Unlike English, some German infinitive constructions omit 'zu'. These occur with modal verbs, expressions of perception, and certain causative verbs.

Causative Verbs and Perception Verbs

Verbs such as 'lassen' (to let), 'sehen' (to see), and 'hören' (to hear) usually do not take 'zu' when linked with infinitive clauses. This is particularly true when describing an action caused by someone else or an action perceived by the subject.

Common Mistakes with Infinitive Clauses

A common mistake is overusing 'zu' where it isn't necessary, especially with modal and certain perception verbs, or omitting it where it enhances the meaning of the sentence. Understanding the specific context in which infinitive clauses are used is key.

Practice Makes Perfect

To integrate these structures into your German speaking and writing repertoire, practice by creating sentences that use both forms of infinitive clauses. Reading German texts and taking note of these constructions in use can also be very helpful.